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Chewable tablets which are required to be broken and chewed in between the teeth before ingestion. These tablets are given to the children who have difficulty in swallowing and to the adults who dislike swallowing. These tablets are intended to disintegrate smoothly in the mouth at a moderate rate either with or without actual chewing. Chewable tablets Chewable tablets are often employed when the active ingredient is intended to act in a localized manner rather than systematically. The composition of chewable tablets consists of gum cores, may or may not be coated. The core is composed of an insoluble gum base like fillers, waxes, antioxidants, sweeteners, flavoring agents. The percentage of gum base varies from 30-60%. Mannitol is widely used as an excipient in chewable tablets for its non-hygroscopic nature for moisture sensitive drugs. It is sweet and has a negative heat solution. Read Also :  Evaluation Of Pharmaceutical Tablet Characteristics Of Chewable Tablet 1. Easy to chew...

Targeted drug delivery system (TDDS), sometimes called smart drug delivery, is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the medication in some parts of the body relative to others. These nanoparticles would be loaded with drugs and targeted to specific parts of the body where there is solely diseased tissue, thereby avoiding interaction with healthy tissue. The goal of a targeted drug delivery system is to prolong, localize, target and have a protected drug interaction with the diseased tissue. For most therapeutic agents, only a small portion of the medication reaches the organ to be affected, such as in chemotherapy where roughly 99% of the drugs administered do not reach the tumor site. Targeted drug delivery seeks to concentrate the medication in the tissues of interest while reducing the relative concentration of the medication in the remaining tissues. Targeted tablet When implementing a targeted release system, the following ...

Multiple compressed tablets are prepared by more than one compression cycle. This process is best suited when separation of active ingredient is needed for stability purposes, or if the mixing process is inadequate to guarantee uniform distribution of two or more active ingredients. They are usually prepared to separate physically or chemically incompatible ingredients or to produce repeat or prolonged action of drugs. They are also known as multiple layered tablets or a tablet within the tablet. Multiple compressed tablets There are three categories under this class: compression coated tablets, inlay tablets and layered tablets. Multiple compression tablets, especially layered tablets, tend to solve incompatibility issues between two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Bilayer tablet provides adequate surface separation of two reactive ingredients but there may be some reactivity at the interface. If complete physical separation is required for stability purposes then th...

Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage form containing medicaments with or without excipients. They vary in shape and differ greatly in size and weight, depending on amount of medicinal substances and the intended mode of administration. Direct compression vs dry granulation Tablets are prepared by different methods. The choice depends on many factors. In this post, we shall see the difference and similarity between dry granulation and direct compression. Meanwhile, let us take a brief look at both method of tablet manufacturing. Read Also :  Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Of Drug (Tablet) Dry Granulation Method Dry granulation or double compression, usually eliminates various steps, which involves slugging of the powder mass. The active ingredient, diluent and lubricant are blended together, to form the slug. Thus, the compressed slug is passed through the mesh or through the mill, and the remaining lubricant is added to the granulation, blended properly and compressed to fo...

Pharmaceutical tablets are solid, flat or biconvex dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a drugs or a mixture of drugs, with or without diluents. Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage form containing medicaments with or without excipients. They vary in shape and differ greatly in size and weight, depending on amount of medicinal substances and the intended mode of administration. Compressed tablets Tablets are being formed by compressing the granules using the compression machines. A tablet formation takes place by the combined pressing action of two punches and a die. Read Also:  General Properties Of Pharmaceutical Tablet Standard Compressed Tablets These are standard uncoated tablets made by compression using wet granulation, direct compression or double compression. It provides rapid disintegration and drug release. They are mostly intended to exert local action in gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It typically includes water insoluble drugs such as antacid and...

Enema and laxatives are designed to treat constipation. Constipation occurs when bowel movements become less frequent and stools become difficult to pass. It is defined as when a person passes less than three bowel movements a week or has difficult bowel movements. It happens most often due to changes in diet or routine, or due to inadequate intake of fiber. However, how often you “go” varies widely from person to person. Some people have bowel movements several times a day while others have them only one to two times a week. Whatever your bowel movement pattern is, it’s unique and normal for you – as long as you don’t stray too far from your pattern. Read Also :  Difference Between Suppository And Pessary Laxatives Laxatives are a type of medicine that can treat constipation. There are 4 main types of laxatives (1) Bulk-forming laxatives work by increasing the "bulk" or weight of poo, which in turn stimulates your bowel (2) Osmotic laxatives draw water from the rest of the ...

Solutions are homogeneous liquid dispersion of a solute (solid, liquid or gas) dissolved in a suitable vehicle (water, alcohol or any other solvent mixture). Pharmaceutical solutions are solutions with medication as part of the solute. The components making up a solution are termed the solute and the solvent depending on their relative proportions (component in lower proportion is termed solute). Pharmaceutical solution Solutions intended for oral administration usually contain sweeteners, flavors, and colors to make the medication more attractive and palatable to the patient. They may contain stabilizers to maintain the physicochemical stability of the drug and preservatives to prevent the growth of microorganisms in the solution. Read Also :  Overview Of Pharmaceutical Solution Classification Of Solution Solution can be classified into: 1. Isotonic solutions: have similar tonicity as biological fluids. 2. Saturated solutions: are solutions which, at a given temperature and pressu...

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of one or more solutes molecularly dispersed in a suitable solvent or a mixture of mutually miscible solvents. Pharmaceutical solution with medication as part of the solutes. Pharmaceutical solution Pharmaceutical solutions are used for many routes of administration, including oral, rectal, vaginal, ophthalmic, parenteral, and otic. The most common solution dosage form is the oral liquid, which includes aqueous solutions, syrups, and elixirs. Read Also :  Overview Of Pharmaceutical Solution Drugs are commonly given in solution in cough/cold remedies and in medications for the young (pediatric) and elderly (geriatric). Advantages Of Pharmaceutical Solutions 1. The drug is immediately available for absorption 2. Flexible dosing is possible 3. Solutions are designed for any route of absorption 4. No need to shake the container 5. Facilitate swallowing in difficult cases (e.g. infants or the elderly) 6. Safe means of administering substances like pota...

Solutions are homogeneous liquid dispersion of a solute (solid, liquid or gas) dissolved in a suitable vehicle (water, alcohol or any other solvent mixture). Components of solutes are in lower proportion compared to solvent. Pharmaceutical solutions are used for many routes of administration, including oral, rectal, vaginal, ophthalmic, parenteral, and otic. Pharmaceutical solution Solutions intended for oral administration usually contain sweeteners, flavors, and colors to make the medication more attractive and palatable to the patient. They may contain stabilizers to maintain the physicochemical stability of the drug and preservatives to prevent the growth of microorganisms in the solution. Solution instill into eyes, ear or other body tissues must be isotonic to avoid irritation. Parenteral solutions or solutions for direct administration to mucosal tissues should be isotonic or hypotonic to avoid local tissue stress and pain upon administration. Read Also:   Classification Of ...

Syrups are concentrated aqueous preparations of a sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances. Syrups containing flavoring agents but not medicinal substances are called non medicated or flavored vehicles (syrups). Read Also :  Classification of pharmaceutical syrup Basically, it is an oral suspension in liquid form actually used as a flavored vehicle for medicine. Pharmaceutical syrup Advantages of Syrup 1. Retard oxidation because it partly hydrolyzed into dextrose & levulose (reducing sugars) so prevent decomposition of many substances hence no preservative needed 2. Exert high osmotic pressure – prevents the growth of microbacterias (bacteria, fungi, molds, etc) 3. Palatable sweet – a vehicle for bitter/nauseous substances 4. Appropriate for any patient, whatever the age is 5. The most natural and easiest route of administration 6. Economical and safe to the patient 7. No nursing is required, which means the patient can take it with n...

Syrups are classified bases on on several factors. There is no single way to classify syrup because of the fact that they are complex medication. Syrup is a saturated or concentrated, viscous aqueous solution of sucrose/sugar substitute with or without flavor/medicinal substances in purified water. Pharmaceutical syrup is concentrated sugar with medicinal substances. Pharmaceutical syrup Classification Of Pharmaceutical Syrup All pharmaceutical syrups are not manufactured equally. There is a subtle difference in these products that can cause ineffective use in clinical effects. Pharmaceutical syrup generally can be broken down into different categories. Read Also :  Overview Of Pharmaceutical Suspension According To Their Basic Formulas 1. Sugar based simple syrup: which are concentrated solutions of sugar with purified water alone 2. Artificial syrup : which are formulated with artificial sweetening agents and viscosity builders According To Their Function 1. Aromatic or adjuvant ...

Let's take a brief overview of pharmaceutical syrup. Pharmaceutical syrups are a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar or sugar substitute mixed in water or other other aqueous liquid. They may be with or without flavouring agents. Pharmaceutical syrup are nearly saturated solutions of sugar in water in which medicinal substances or drugs are dissolved. They are oral dosage forms. Pharmaceutical syrup Pharmaceutical syrup is usually used as a flavored vehicle for drugs. They are mostly designed for children but few pharmaceutical syrups for adults are available. Components Of Syrups Most syrup contains the following components in addition to the purified water and any medicinal agents present: Read Also:  Classification Of Pharmaceutical Liquid Dosage Form (a) The sugar, usually sucrose, or sugar substitute used to provide sweetness and viscosity up to 85% w/v (65% w/w) (b) Antimicrobial preservatives (c) Flavorants (d) Colorants (e) Viscosity modifier Also, many types of syrup...

Suspensions are an important class of pharmaceutical dosage form. They are made up of coarse dispersion of insoluble solid particles in a liquid medium. The particle diameter in a suspension is usually greater than 0.5 µm. However, it is difficult and also impractical to impose a sharp boundary between the suspensions and the dispersions having finer particles. Pharmaceutical suspension Classification Of Pharmaceutical Suspension 1. Based on General Classes (Route Of Drug Administration) i. Oral suspension ii. Externally applied suspension (topical, ophthalmic, otic, nasal) iii. Parenteral suspension 2. Based On Proportion Of Solid Particles i. Dilute suspension (2 to 10 % w/v solid) ii. Concentrated suspension (50 % w/v solid) iii. Slur-ries (> 50 % w/w solid) 3. Based On Electro Kinetic Nature Of Solid Particles i. Flocculated suspension ii. Deflocculated suspension 4. Based On Size Of Solid Particles i. Colloidal suspension (< 1 micron) ii. Coarse suspension (>1 micron) iii...

A pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion of insoluble solid particles in a liquid medium. The particle diameter in a suspension is usually greater than 0.5 µm. However, it is difficult and also impractical to impose a sharp boundary between the suspensions and the dispersions having finer particles. Pharmaceutical suspension In an ideal suspension, particles are uniformly dispersed and remain so even after prolonged periods of time. Even if sedimentation occurs, particles should readily redisperse upon mild agitation of the container. Read Also:  How To Reconstitute Granules And Powders For Oral Suspension Advantages Of Pharmaceutical Suspension 1. Pharmaceutical suspension can improve chemical stability of certain drug offering resistance to degradation of drugs due to hydrolysis, oxidation or microbial activity 2. Drug in suspension exhibits higher rate of bioavailability than other dosage forms 3. Duration and onset of action can be controlled 4. Suspension can mask th...

A Pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion in which internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout the external phase. The internal phase consisting of insoluble solid particles having a specific range of size (0.5 to 5 microns) which is maintained uniformly throughout the suspending vehicle with the aid of a single or combination of suspending agents. The external phase (suspending medium) is generally aqueous in some instance, may be an organic or oily liquid for non oral use. Pharmaceutical suspension The term "disperse system" refers to a system in which one substance (the dispersed phase) is distributed, in discrete units, throughout a second substance (the continuous phase). Each phase can exist in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state. Read Also :  Classification Of Pharmaceutical Liquid Dosage Form Most suspensions are classified as a coarse suspension which is a dispersion of particles with a mean diameter greater than 1µm (1 to 100 µm). A colloidal suspension ...