DrugXpert Blog

Suppository are not the only medication introduce into body cavity. Another is enema. However, we will see the difference between suppository and enema. But before then, let us take a look at what suppository and enema is. Suppository A suppository medicine in the form of a small plug that is inserted into a bodily cavity, especially the rectum, vagina or urethra, where it melts to release the drug substance also known as the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). They are used to treat a variety of conditions. Enema An enema is a procedure used for clearing the bowel and colon of fecal matter. This procedure introduces liquid, usually water, and sodium bicarbonate or sodium phosphate, by means of a bulb or bag, into the anus and thus to the bowel and colon. This tends to stimulate the bowel to release fecal matter. Some enemas still contain mineral oil, but this is not preferred by most people. Read Also :  Difference Between Suppository And Pessary The procedure can also include...

Suppository must be stable at room temperature to be a suitable dosage form. Suppository is a solid dosage form containing one or more active ingredients and is used to deliver the medication in the body cavities such as the rectum/vagina. They are made up of drug substances (also called the active pharmaceutical ingredient [API]) usually with excipients. Data on the physical and chemical characteristics and other properties of the drug substance are helpful for designing methods that indicate the drug product's stability and are also helpful in designing formal stability studies. Read Also :  Drug Expiration Date After Opening Drug stability refers to the extent to which a drug substance or product retains, within specified limits and throughout its period of storage and use, the same properties and characteristics that it possessed at the time of its manufacture. The type of stability is generally divided into chemical, physical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological. D...

Suppository is a solid dosage form containing one or more active ingredients and is used to deliver the medication in the body cavities such as the rectum/vagina. It produces local action or systemic absorption of the active ingredients. It may melt at body temperature or dissolved or dispersed on a suitable basis that may be soluble or dispersible in water. Why suppository Suppository Base There are two types of suppository base: lipophilic and hydrophilic suppository. Lipophilic suppositories are fat and wax-based which can be melted according to the human body. The hydrophilic suppository is glycerin-based and requires liquid for dissolution. Read Also:  The Different Types Of Suppository These suppositories can be composed of, but not limited to, cocoa butter, coconut oil, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils and hard fats, polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Suppository Shape Suppositories have classically been cylindric...

The release of drug from suppository bases is one of the important factors in the transmucosal absorption of drugs, since the orifice fluid is small in volume and is viscous compared with gastrointestinal (GI) fluid. Generally, the hydrophilic characteristics of base enhance the release of poorly water-soluble drugs from fatty bases because of the lesser interaction of the resultant complex with vehicles. Suppository base Properties Of An Ideal Suppository Base The ideal suppository base should meet the following general specifications: 1. It should release the medicaments readily. 2. It should be compatible with a variety of drugs. 3. It should melt at body temperature or disperse in the body fluids. 4. It should be nontoxic and nonirritating to mucous membranes. 5. It should be stable on storage. 6. It should not bind or otherwise interfere with release or absorption of drug substances. 7. It should be stable if heated above its melting point. 9. It should be molded easily and should...

Suppositories are solid medications used to deliver medications by insertion into a body orifice where it dissolves or melts to exert local or systemic effects. They provide another way to deliver drugs to the body when other routes cannot be used. The suppository is small and may be round, oval, or cone-shaped. The medication is surrounded by one or several ingredients such cocoa butter or a similar substitute, polyethylene glycol, hydrogels, and glycerinated gelatin. The type of material used depends on the type of suppository, the type of drug, and the conditions in which the suppository will be stored. Read Also :  Difference Between Suppository And Pessary Suppositories may treat the local area, or the medicine may travel to other parts of the body through the bloodstream. Suppository and their base Types Of Suppository There are three main types of suppositories, each to insert into a different orifice: Rectal, vaginal and urethral. Recently development include ear (cone) and...

Medication reconciliation is the process of comparing a patient's medication orders to all of the medications that the patient has been taking. This reconciliation is done to avoid medication errors such as omissions, duplications, dosing errors, or drug interactions. It is also define as the process of identifying the most accurate list of all medications that the patient is taking, including name, dosage, frequency, and route, by comparing the medical record to an external list of medications obtained from a patient, hospital, or other provider. It should be done at every transition of care in which new medications are ordered or existing orders are rewritten. Transitions in care include changes in setting, service, practitioner, or level of care. Medication reconciliation is usually undertaken by a pharmacist and may include consulting several sources such as the patient, their relatives or caregivers, or their primary care physician. It requires an inter-professional team appro...

The pharmacist interventions can be patient focused (health), and or drug focused (drug therapy). Patient-focused interventions are those that recognise the role of patients as active participants in the process of securing appropriate, effective, safe and responsive healthcare. Medication adherence As individuals or family members, patients can play a distinct role in their own care. This can be done by diagnosing and treating minor, self-limiting conditions; by preventing occurrence or recurrence of disease or harm; by selecting the most appropriate form of treatment in partnership with health professionals for more serious illness; by actively managing long term conditions; and by medication adherence. Fostering high standards of health literacy and a sense of ownership of their health may be the best way to ensure that people adopt healthier lifestyles, helping to meet health and behavioural targets as well as moderating demand for healthcare resources. Read Also :  Things To E...

Pharmaceutical care plan (PCP) is a patient - centered systematic approach. Clinical pharmacists design a written format to ensure proper drug use, achieve a definite outcome and improve patient care through assuring the safety, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. It was originally framed by Dr. Linda M. Strand and her colleagues at the University of Minnesota in the early 1990's. Pharmaceutical care plan Goals Of Pharmaceutical Care Plan The pharmaceutical care plan is a written, individualised, comprehensive medication therapy plan based on clearly defined therapeutic goals. It is updated with every change in patients status and shared with the physician and patient. It is a systematic, comprehensive process with three primary functions or goals: 1. Identify a patient's actual and potential drug-related problems. 2. Resolve the patient's actual drug-related problems. 3. Prevent the patient's potential drug-related problems. Development of Goals of Therapy There is a...

A drug therapy problem (DTP) is any undesirable event experienced by a patient which involves, or is suspected to involve, drug therapy, and that interferes with the desired goals of therapy. Drug therapy problems are not medical problems. They are problems caused by the use or misuse of drugs. Drug therapy problem Drug-related problems include medication errors (involving an error in the process of prescribing, dispensing, or administering a drug, whether there are adverse consequences or not) and adverse drug reactions (any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiological function). Furthermore, adverse drug events can be defined as an injury--whether or not causally-related to the use of a drug. Types Of Drug Therapy Problem A drug therapy problem may be potential (likely to occur) or actual (patient is already experiencing it). Read Also :...

Laboratory values are the result of laboratory tests carried out by a diagnostic laboratory. Minor diagnosis can be carried out in community pharmacy. An example is blood pressure monitor and blood glucose level. There are different types of laboratory tests. Some are compared with normal values. Others only state there are abnormalities with the body part. Laboratory values relevance Pharmacists have a key role in selecting appropriate laboratory tests for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), interpreting tests to determine whether a drug is producing its desired therapeutic effect, and avoiding adverse drug effects. They can recommend that a laboratory test be done only if the results may lead to some action such as a dosage reduction, discontinuation of a drug, or ordering of additional tests to confirm the presence of an adverse effect. The pharmacist should select the pertinent objective data needed to follow a specific drug therapy. Current medication can also be included. Read Als...

Physical assessment in pharmaceutical care (PC) is defined as the systemic acquisition of physical data and symptomatology of patients for the purpose of initial evaluation and care recommendation in process case management, medical referral or outcome assessment. The information can be collected through patient record review or by performing physical assessment. Physical assessment techniques Physical assessment makes use of four techniques or skills. They are inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation done in this order unless you're performing an abdominal assessment. Palpation and percussion can alter bowel sounds, so you'd inspect, auscultate, percuss, then palpate an abdomen. It is not always necessary to carry out each of these activities every time. Each skill requires practice to master, some more than others. Read Also :  Benefits Of Pharmaceutical Care To The Pharmacist, Patient And The Government Physical assessment is part of objective data. Objective data...

Patient interview is crucial for proper diagnosis and pharmaceutical care (PC). Pharmacists must gather patient-specific medical and drug histories competently, evaluate the data collected, identify and prioritize a patient's drug therapy problem(s), develop and implement a care plan, and monitor the outcomes achieved to practice patient-centered pharmacy. Integral to patient-centered pharmacy practice is the process of collecting a patient's history to find and resolve the 7 types of drug therapy problems: no indication for drug therapy; dosage too high; dosage too low; wrong drug (also referred to as ineffective drug); adverse drug reaction; inappropriate compliance; and needs additional drug therapy. Read Also:  Benefits Of Pharmaceutical Care To The Pharmacist, Patient And The Government Medication therapy management services should include a systematic process of collecting patient-specific information, assessing drug therapy to identify medication-related problems, priori...

Pharmaceutical care competency are pharmaceutical knowledge, attitudes, skills and behaviours a pharmacist acquires, accumulates and develops through education, training and work experience. With the above attributes, a pharmacist can carry out duties accurately with all confidence. This also includes making correct judgement and interacting appropriately with patients and other healthcare professionals. Pharmaceutical care (PC) competency Competency is characterized by a strong knowledge base, good problem-solving and decision-making abilities and ability to apply knowledge and experience to diverse patient care situations. Read Also:  Definition Of Pharmaceutical Care (PC) Competencies 1. Design and evaluate therapeutic regimens to optimize drug use. 2. Design and implement strategies that influence prescriber and patient behavior to achieve optimal outcomes. 3. Apply pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic parameters to prevent, manage, or resolve drug-related problems. 4. Acquire and...

Pharmaceutical care definition by Hepler and Strand in the 1990 was adopted worldwide. It became popular and was introduced into the first degree pharmacy curriculum. It heralded the beginning of a new era for the profession in which pharmacists are fully involved in the health care of the patient. With the rapid adoption and expansion of pharmaceutical care, so many questions arise. The most important of which is of what benefits is pharmaceutical care to the pharmacist? As the definition of pharmaceutical care shows that it is patient oriented, what is the importance to the patient? In this post, we shall see how both benefit from the adoption of pharmaceutical care. But before then, let us take a closer look at what pharmaceutical care is all about and what it came to solve. Pharmaceutical care Read Also :  A Day In The Life Of A Hospital Pharmacist In Nigeria What Is Pharmaceutical Care Pharmaceutical care is the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achievin...

Pharmacy profession have evolve over the years to fit social needs. From apothecary model, compounding model, distribution model, clinical pharmacy model and now pharmaceutical care (PC) model with different phylosophy and practice. Pharmaceutical care Definition Of Pharmaceutical Care (PC) Pharmaceutical care as defined by Hepler and Linda Strand is the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life. This came from their article ‘Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care’ from 1990 and became the ignition and spark pharmaceutical care need to take a stand. Ever since then, different definitions have been use such as the direct, responsible provision of medication-related care for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life. The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) 1998 statement describes pharmaceutical care as the responsible provisio...