Year One And Two Auxillary Course Curriculum In pharmacy School
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| Pharmacy curriculum |
Year One Science And GST
Botany And Zoology (Animal and environmental biology [AEB] combined here. Some schools separate them
General Biology
It all began with the morphology and life cycles of plants and animals. The classification of plant and animal, a general study of plant and animal groups from algae/fungi to chordates. Structural and functional study of plants and animals (cells, tissues, organs and systems). The study will not be possible without the use of a microscope. How to use the microscope was paramount. The various parts of the microscope are discussed with students as well as how to use it. Different parts of the plant (root, stem, leave and flower/fruit). Since science believes in evolution, the classification is based on the origin and development of internal and external parts of plants and animals. The flowers, fruits and seeds structure and function and variations are carefully studied. Lest I forget the process of germination is very important.
Read Also: Pharmaceutical chemistry curriculum
Elements of Biological Chemistry - Inorganic and micro molecules relevant to life – enzymes and cellular metabolism. This includes osmosis, diffusion aid transportation of materials in and out of living things. Taxonomic, physiologic and development studies of plants and animals. This is all about how cells divide into new cells within the plant. That is mitosis and meiosis. Reproduction, genetics-hereditary substances, mechanism of nuclear division and new cell formation; evolution, natural selection and evolution as a continuous process; study of the environment from the ecological viewpoint. Did I forget to add photosynthesis? The effect of the sun on the plant was not left out.
The aspect of animal study includes the history and scope of zoology. Animal classification and their habitat including interaction with plants and animals was part of the topics covered. How human activities affect the different types of soil and the environment. Energy flow and hunting pattern (predators and prey relationship). Levels, structure and function of organization including physiology, nutrition and respiration, excretion, circulation system, hormones and reproduction. Animal cell as well as division. Definition of terms like gene, genotype, phenotype, allele, etc. Inheritance concept such as sex linkage and sex link characteristics, mutation gene expression and their application in agriculture and medicine.
General Practical Biology was how to use the microscope. Funny enough, you may be ask to draw and label the microscope listing the function of each part labeled.
Basic Principles of Chemistry
An introduction to atomic structure and electronic configuration of the element. State of matter and units of measuring matter which includes solid, liquid and gas. Their properties and what makes them different from each other. This understanding can help to predict the state of some compounds. This is like a refresher course in chemistry. What makes a matter is the electrons, protons and neutrons. There are many theories as to how these parts of an atom behave. Some of the models were touched. One is the quantum theory which is generally believed to be more acceptable than others. But because of it's failure to explain some behaviour of an atom, the others have not been fully discarded.
Electronic theory of valency. The periodic classification of the elements. Bonding is the connection between the atoms of two or more elements. There are laws guiding the bondings and these are some of the things that are covered in chemistry in year one. How atoms bond is very important. The position of elements in the periodic table and their characteristics is followed with the bonding behaviour. General study of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, bromine, iodine, sodium, calcium, aluminium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc were emphasis was laid on similarities and differences based on the position of the elements in the periodic table. Radioactivity and its applications were not covered much anyway because this topic is far too wide and any course that truly needs it for their student will have to fix in for higher years from year two. This topic is new in pharmacy but you will meet it in the future.
Fundamental chemical principles; the gas laws, kinetic theory of gases. Properties of dilute solutions. Thermochemistry and thermodynamics deal with the temperature and heat-related aspects of chemistry and focus on the overall energy associated with chemical reaction. Chemical equilibrium; law mass action, reaction ratio and chemical energetics will enable one to predict if a reaction will occur naturally or require an external force or conditions in which it will occur and how it will be. All these will not be complete without formulas and equations. Balancing equations help us to discuss chemistry in mathematical terms and predict the outcome of the reaction. Electrolytes and ionic equilibria. Theory of acids, bases and indicators will introduce one to acid-base titration and the mechanism behind colour change. Properties of acid and bases and how they behave when they react with each other and other chemicals. pH scale and meter and how it is used is not left out. Oxidation-reduction reaction. Phase equilibrium study of multicomponent systems and applications in partition and adsorption chromatography.
Introduction to organic chemistry IUPAC nomenclature, elemental analysis and molecular formula, structural isomerism. Isolation and purification methods. The concept of functional groups, resonance and aromaticity. A brief study of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, cyclic hydrocarbons, alcohols, alkyl halides; ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines and aromatic compounds. Comparisons of phenols, alkyl halides and aromatic amines with their aliphatic analogues. Common synthetic polymers and their uses. Introduction to carbohydrates, proteins, oils and fats and optical isomerism.
Let's not forget that nuclear chemistry is part of the topics but may not get enough coverage. This may be due to its insignificance currently in Nigeria. This includes nuclear decay, fusion and fission, rate of reaction and how to balance them. We can not leave out enthalpy and entropy of change.
Basic Practical Chemistry on acid-base titration (oxi-red)
Physics: Mechanics and Properties of Matter.
Let me just copy it from a school curriculum. They are self-explanatory. Dimensional analysis. Elements of statistics. Vector algebra. Kinematics and dynamics of a mass point; law of mechanics and gravitation, Kepler’s laws. Motion of rigid bodies, moment of inertia, angular momentum. Conservation laws. Simple harmonic motion. The motion is used to understand momentum, energy, oscillation, thermal processes. Newton's laws of motion is use to calculate velocity, distance and acceleration. Energy exchange during the collision could be examined. Rotational and gravitational motion and it's an application in a different field. Elastic properties of solids, moduli of elasticity. Fluid mechanics and hydrodynamics.
Thermal Physics Sound and Optics. Zeroth Law of thermodynamics, temperature, Calorimetry. Change of State, critical points. Heat transfer, conduction, convection, radiation, first and second laws of thermodynamics, thermal energy. Gas laws. Kinetic theory of gases. Black body radiation. Production of sound by vibrating solids, speed of sound in solids, liquid and gases; vibrating air columns, intensity, pitch and quality, response of the ear to
sound waves, interference of sound waves, Doppler effect. Reflection at plane surfaces, image formation refraction, dispersion, transmission and absorption of light waves, spherical mirrors, thin lenses, a combination of lenses, lens aberrations, optical instruments, resolving power of the microscope.
Electromagnetism & Modern Physics talks about electricity and magnetism. Electrostatics, Coulomb’s law, Gauss’ law, simple applications, electric field, electrostatic potential.The energy in an electric field, capacitance, Insulators, conductors, dielectrics; polarization. Electric current. Ohm’s law, circuit analysis. Thermo electricity. Magnetic effect of currents. Ampere’s law applications. Permanent magnetism, earth magnetic field. Faraday’s law of
induction. Alternating current AC circuits. Measuring devices. The motion of charged particles in electricity through gases, e/m for electrons. X-rays, nuclear energy.
Basic Practical Physics include light and electricity.
General Mathematics
[This part was not part of the mathematics I did. I don't know if this has been added to the present curriculum.Algebra of real numbers (Quadratic equations, indices, surds, logarithms, Binomial theorem for the positive integral index, solution of inequalities, polynomials and their factorization. Rational function and partial fractions). Trigonometry (definitions and elementary properties of trigonometric function, radian measure, periodicity of circular functions, addition formulae and other basic identities)]
I did this part
Definitions, use of the ∆ - process, formulae for sum, product and quotient, the chain rule, differentiation of simple algebraic trigonometric exponential and
definite and indefinite integrals of simple algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions and the fundamental theorem of integral calculus, simple application to areas and volumes, methods of integration.
Statistics in mathematics. From simple mean, median and mode to more complex calculation. These include
GST Use of English
Effective Communication and writing in English study skills. Language Skills. Writing of essay answers. Instruction of Lexis. Sentence construction,
outlines and paragraphs. Collection and organization of materials and logical presentation. Punctuation and logical presentation of papers. Use of the
Library. Phonetics. Art of Public Speaking and Oral Communication.
GST Logic and Philosophy
A brief survey of main branches of Philosophy Symbolic Logic: Special Symbols in symbolic logic conjugation, negation, affirmation, disjunction,
equivalence and conditional statements. Laws of thought. The method of deduction using rules of inference and biconditional Quantification Theory.
GST Nigerian Peoples and Culture
Study of Nigerian History and Culture in pre-colonial times. Nigerian’s perception of his world. Culture areas of Nigeria as a political unit. Concept of functional education; National economy, Balance of trade, individual and National Development. Norms and Values. Moral Obligation of citizens, social justice & economic self-reliance and Environment Sanitation.
GST Peace And Conflict Resolution
Study some popular conflicts in the state or community and others far off. Show how some of the conflicts were resolved and suggest how it could have been better and what can be done in the future. It goes on to show how conflict arises and how to prevent it.
GST Communication In French
If you want to learn French, please don't depend on this. The course only introduces you to basic in the French languages such as greetings, numbers and alphabet. It also talks about the lifestyle of a French person to themselves and others depending on the location. However, it does not cover laws guiding their grammar.
Year Two Auxillary Courses
Year two is for both auxillary courses in basic medicine and other pharmacy courses.
Anatomy And Histology
The course will bring you back to the study of the human body from the cell, tissue, organ, and system. For cells and tissue types, an atlas is used. The atlas is a picture illustration of different types of cells and tissue in 3d form. The cell structure and function is studied in more detail. Some of the systems studied are under gross anatomy.
(a) The Skeletal system and its functions
(b) The circulatory system
(c) Gastrointestinal tract and digestion
(d) The respiratory system
(e) The urinary system
(f) The reproductive system from gamete to fertilization
Neuroanatomy deals with the structural organization of the nervous system. This includes the neuron (receptor, effector, and synapse). Peripheral and autonomic nervous system operation and it relates to humans using a sympathetic and parasympathetic system.
(a) Origin and functions of the nervous system
(b) Anatomy of the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system
(c) Anatomy of the brain
(d) Motor system
(e) Autonomic nervous system
Histology
(a) The Tissues
(b) The lymphatic system
(c) The alimentary system
(d) The exocrine glands
(e) The urinary glands
(f) The reproductive system
(g) Organs of special senses
(ii) Practicals: Plastic models and slides for histology and class demonstrations using microscope and Atlas.
Most of the topics may not be covered during normal lectures especially from neuroanatomy and histology. However, histology is well covered because it is very important to pharmacy education.
Physiology
Introductory Physiology
(a) Body Fluids
(b) Cell Physiology
(c) Regulatory processes
(d) Excitation processes
(e) Blood
Cardiovascular Physiology
Respiratory Physiology
Gastrointestinal Physiology
Endocrine Physiology
Neurophysiology - Central Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System.
Special Senses.
II. Practicals - Special exercises to illustrate various aspects of 1(1-7). Some practical classes involve carrying out vital signs, reading weigh scale meters, blood separation using machines, injection of animals with drugs to see how it affects them, etc.
Biochemistry
I. Introduction to Biochemistry -relevance to health sciences.
II. Carbohydrates and their metabolism including the role of hormones like glucogen, insulin in diabetes.
III. Amino acid – general metabolism
IV. Protein – Metabolism & Biosynthesis
V. Lipids -metabolism
VI. Tricarboxylic acid cycle
VII. Enzymes and coenzymes
VIII. Bioenergetics & High Energy Compounds
IX. Nucleic-acids
X. Microbial genetics
XI. Biochemical and Genetic Variants
XII. Liver functions
Practicals/Demonstrations
Estimation of glucose in urine-quantitative analysis – two methods, qualitative analysis of carbohydrates, amino acids & proteins, determination of serum – qualitative analysis, electrophoretic separation of amino acids and proteins. Effects of pH temperature and substrate concentration of enzyme action, determination of plasma cholesterol, urinalysis for glucose, protein, blood, ketone bodies, bile pigments.
Mathematics: Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
This is an introductory course for the student on the use of ICT in general. This is expected to prepare the students for the application in pharmacy in subsequent years. Each school is expected to design its programme in line with NUC guidelines on the
course.
History of computers and its founders. Parts of the computer and their function. The mathematical part of computers such as base calculation. The final part is the use of the internet.
CES Enterprenueral Studies
This should be in line with approved guidelines from NUC.
Practical/Demonstration is based on individual students. Students are expected to choose a vocational skill of their choice and follow up.
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